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SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT. 



VISITORS' DIRECTORY 



TO THE 



Engineering Vork5 wi Industries 



CLEVELAND, OHIO. 










Presented with the Compliments of 
THE CIVIL ENGINEERS' CLUB OF CLEVELAND 



COLUMBIAN EDITION. 



JULY, 1893, 






Exchange 

West. Res. Hist. Soc. 

1916 



b 



i 






CONTENTS. 



Cleveland— Its History and Population 8 

Harbor and Brkakwatkr 10 

Municipal Works n 

City Parks 16 

Water Works 19 

Gas Works 28 

Electrical Works — Light and Power Stations . 29 

Street Railways 35 

Iron INTEREST — Iron Ores, Blast Furnaces ... 38 

Iron and Steel Mills 40 

Shipbuilding Works and Dry Docks ....'. 45 

Engineering Industries — Eight Companies . . 54 

Car Wheel Works— Five Companies 62 

Wire and Wire Nail Works— Four Companies . 64 

Screws and Tacks— Three Companies 65 

Nuts, Bolts and Washers— Six Companies ... 66 

Malleable Iron and Hardware — Patterns ... 67 

Special Tools 70 

Sewing Machines and Cabinets 75 

Petroleum Products 76 

Chemical Works 77 

Electric Carbons 78 

Stone Quarries 80 

Institutions of Learning 82 

Hotels 83 



THE CIVIL ENGINEERS' CLUB 
OF CLEVELAND. 



Organized March 13, 1880. 
Incorporated May 29, 1891. 
Membership, 178. 



OFFICERS. 



Albert H. Porter President. 

Chas. S. Howe Vice-President. 

Frank C. Osborn Secretary. 

Cyrus P. Iceland Treasurer. 

Chas. H. Benjamin Librarian. 

Chas. W. Wason, 



Directors. 
James Ritchie, 

Rooms: Case Library. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



IN preparing this volume for -the use of visitors to 
our city in this Columbian year, the Committee 
has endeavored to present the main facts of in- 
terest to an engineer in as concise a manner as possible 
and without exaggeration or embellishment. It would 
be impossible in a work of this size to describe all the 
hundreds of mechanical industries in this busy city; 
only a careful selection of representative concerns has 
been attempted, though it is with regret that many de- 
serving works are necessarily omitted. The descrip- 
tions are entirely editorial and for the information of 
the reader, and nothing in the nature of a paid adver- 
tisement has been admitted. 

It is hoped that the memoranda here furnished will 
be such as the intelligent engineer would wish to make 
for himself in the course of his visit, but it is not in- 
tended to preclude that personal attention which each 
member of the committee w T ill feel it a privilege to pay 
on behalf of the Club to such guests as may honor us 
with their presence. 

Very respectfully, 

C. M. Barber, Chairman, E. P. Roberts, 
W. P. Rice, H. C. Thompson, 

John Eisenmann, F. H. Neff, 

W. R. Warner, L. Herman, 

Wm. T. Blunt, A. G. Honsberg, 

Jas. Ritchie, F. A. Coburn, 

W. H. Searles, Secretary ■, 

Local Columbian Committee. 



HISTORICAL. 



CLEVELAND, the largest city in the State of Ohio, 
and the largest city on Lake Erie, having a 
population of over 300,000, and increasing at a 
rate exceeding five per cent, per annum, is not yet one 
hundred years old. 

The city was founded and the first survey of its site 
made in 1796 by Gen. Moses Cleaveland, whose monu- 
ment stands in the Public Square. 

In 1805, Cleveland was made a port of entry and a 
post-office was first established here. 

In 1809, it was made the county seat. 

In 1814, the village was incorporated. 

In 1818, the first newspaper was issued and the first 
steamboat on the great lakes arrived at this port. 

In 1825, a pier extending 600 feet into the lake was 
built. 

In 1827, the Ohio Canal was opened from Cleveland 
to Akron, and in 1832 to the Ohio River. 

In 1836, Cleveland received a city charter. 

In 1854, Ohio City on the west side of the Cuyahoga 
river was consolidated with it, the combined population 
being 20,844. 

In 1845, three state banks were established. 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 9 

In 1846, the first high school in the United States 
was established here. 

In 1849, a gas plant was built and telegraphic commu- 
nication established. 

In 1 851, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati 
Railroad was opened. The city borrowed $50,000 for 
building a market and schools ; three school buildings 
had been erected as early as 1838, however. 

In i860, the first street railroad was chartered ; the 
National Bank of Commerce began business, and the 
Mahoning Valley Railroad was opened for traffic, giving 
a great impetus to manufacturing industries in great 
variety. 

In 1868, Bessemer steel was produced by the Cleve- 
land Rolling Mill Company, and wooden ship-building 
was extensively carried on. 

In 1870, one-third of the oil product of Pennsylvania 
was shipped to Cleveland for manufacture and export. 

In 1872-73, the villages of Bast Cleveland and New- 
burgh were annexed. 

In 1877, the stone Viaduct was completed, 3,211 feet 
long, costing with the swing bridge $2,170,000. 

In 1888, the Central Viaduct, giving easy access to the 
South Side, was erected. 

The addition of many other railroad lines converging 
on Cleveland, the establishment of a liberal waterworks 
system, the improvement of the harbor, the chartering 
of many electric street railways, and the establishment 
yearly of new industrial enterprises in great variety, 
have combined with the enormous traffic on the lakes 
in iron and coal to give to Cleveland a phenomenal 
growth in population and financial importance. 



IO CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

GROWTH BY DECADES. 



Year. Population. 

1830, 1,075 

1840, 6,071 

1850, 17,054 

i860, 43,838 



Year. Population. 

1870, 9 2 )825 

1880, 160,148 

1890, 261,353 

1892, 309,243 



HARBOR AND BREAKWATER. 

Cleveland has a river frontage of sixteen miles, full 
five miles of which are built up in dockage. Of the lat- 
ter, one mile is used for passenger landings, warehouses 
and grain elevators ; the balance is devoted to iron 
furnaces, limekilns, slaughtering and meat packing es- 
tablishments, but principally to handling immense 
quantities of iron ore, coal, pig iron and lumber. 

The outer harbor is formed by a breakwater extending 
7,160 feet west of the entrance and 2,148 feet eastward 
of the same. It was completed in 1883, and has cost for 
construction and repairs, $1,167,118. It is to be carried 
farther eastward. 

The breakwater consists of a series of timber cribs, 
each 50 feet long by 32 feet wide, sunk end to end in 
line upon a foundation of riprap, in 16 feet of water. 
The cribs come to the surface, and upon them is built 
a continuous wooden pier, 10 feet high. The timbers 
are all of one size, 12 in. xi2 in., framed together and 
secured by round iron drift bolts 1% in. in diameter by 
30 in. long. The breakwater is filled with loose stone 
and covered with a substantial deck. The heavy seas of 
the lake break over the structure, but do not reach the 
harbor. The entire cost is about $100 per lineal foot. 



MUNICIPAL WORKS. 



The following is a brief abstract from the forthcom- 
ing report of the City Engineer. 

The total amount expended by the city for contract 
work of all kinds under the direction of the Chief En- 
gineer in 1892 was $796,517.39. The cost of miscellane- 
ous w T ork for the year, including street lighting, w T as 
$281,555.31. 

STREET PAVEMENTS. 

The summary for the past year of w r ork done in this 

department is as follows : 

pe^ot. A —t. 

Medina block-stone pavements, 

6 streets, 29.75 cts. $ 78,840.71 

Medina common stone pavements, 

5 streets, 20.5 cts. 53>342-30 

Brick pavements, 10 streets, . . . 14.23 cts. 82,680.34 
Wood pavements and planking on 

bridges, 2,339.43 



$217,202.78 
All stone and brick pavements for the year were laid 
directly upon earth foundations, and the joints filled 
with asphaltic cement. The earth foundations for 
brick pavements were thoroughly rolled. Settlement 
in this class of pavement laid since 1889 is almost un- 
known, the sand and gravel of nature, when rolled, 
being apparently equal to broken stone. No asphalt 
pavements have been laid during the past year. The 



12 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

total length of asphalt pavements now in use is one and 
one-quarter miles. New work proposed for the coming 
year, one and six-tenths miles. 

Thirty streets have been graded, or graded and 
curbed, during 1892, at a cost of $31,766.81. The average 
price of 5x20 inch domestic sandstone curbing, in 
place, was 33 ^ cents per lineal foot. 

SEWERS. 

During 1892, the length of main and local sewers 
built aggregated i8 r 2 o miles, at a cost of $266,992.69. 

The Broadway sewer, completed in 1892, is the most 
important in the southern part of the city, extending 
from Miles avenue to Kingsbury Run, about four miles, 
and serving a large territory, including Newburg. A 
number of storm water overflows have been constructed 
along its line. An important sewer is projected for 
Walworth Run, having a maximum diameter of I7 t 5 q 
feet, circular, on a grade of 0.5 per 100, diminishing 
gradually to a diameter of 8.25 feet on a grade of 0.8 per 
100. It can have no storm overflows on account of its 
depth. 

Total length of main and branch sewers, 197.87 miles. 

Total number of house sewer connections, 19,660. 

Total number of catch basins, 4,150. 

BRIDGES. 

The New Swiss Street Bridge, just finished, is 
one of the most substantial and permanent bridges in 
Cleveland. Its length is 250 feet; width over all, 56 
feet ; roadway 38 feet, with two sidewalks 8 feet each 
in the clear. The grade line is 35 feet above Walworth 




CLEVELAND VIADUCT (SUPERIOR STREET.) 



. 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 1 3 

Run. It crosses over Walworth street by four steel 
plate girders 66 feet long over all, 7 feet high, resting 
on masonry abutments. Riveted between these girders 
are cross girders, supporting 15-inch 75 lb. rolled I 
beams, which are about four feet apart and run length- 
wise of the bridge. 

A steel plate floor %& inch thick is riveted to the 
upper flanges of the I beams, and is stiffened with angle 
iron riveted on the under side. The plates support 
three inches of gravel ballast, and on this is laid a pave- 
ment of Medina dressed block stone with asphaltum 
cement joints, making a water-tight finish. The side- 
walks are of Portland cement concrete on arches of the 
same. The remainder of the structure consists of 
longitudinal brick walls and cross walls, the latter sup- 
porting 15 inch, 80 lb. I beams four feet apart, in 
lengths of about i5feet. These are covered by a con- 
crete floor about 16 inches thick, and upon this are 
placed ballast and a stone pavement as on the steel 
span. The sidewalks are also constructed in a similar 
manner. The masonry rests upon a foundation of firm 
blue clay. The total cost was about $65,000. 

There are in all, ten swing-bridges belonging to the 
city, and ten railroad swing-bridges. There are forty- 
one fixed bridges, city and railroad. 

The Superior Street Viaduct was begun in 
August, 1874, an d completed December 27, 1878, the 
time of construction being four years, four months. 
The cost of entire work was $2,250,000, of which $650,- 
000 is charged to right of way. It consists of a swing- 
deck span 332 feet long by 46 feet wide, the floor being 



14 CI.KVKI.AND KNGINKKRING WORKS. 

70 feet above the water. The eastern approach is of 
iron, 598 feet long, on masonry foundations. The 
western approach consists of ten arches of cut stone, 
eight of which are of 83 ft. span, and two of 97^ ft. 
span, terminating in a solid filling between retaining 
walls ; the width is 64 feet. Total length of viaduct, 
3,211 feet. The weight of the swing span is 570 tons ; of 
the turntable, 105 tons. The bridge is opened in one 
minute by a 50 H. P. engine. The iron work of the 
east approach weighs 792 tons. The masonry contains 
2,025,000 cubic feet, and rests on 227,000 lineal feet of 
white oak piling. 

Thk Kingsbury Run Viaduct has a total length of 
834 ft. 8 in., having one span of 140 ft., six of 60 ft., two 
of 45 ft. and eight spans of 30 ft. each. Its width is 48 
ft. in the clear, its height above masonry is 75 ft. 6 in. ; 
above the run 87 ft. and above the foundation 96 ft. 

The work was begun November, 1884, and completed 
in June, 1886; time, 19 months. It is an iron structure 
on stone foundations, resting on piling. 

Thk Ckntral Viaduct crosses the Cuyahoga valley, 
and the Walworth Run valley, the two portions having 
been built under one contract. The Cuyahoga portion 
is 2,838 ft. long by 56 ft. wide. Its height is 101 ft. 
above the river. It consists of a series of spans of iron 
and steel, supported on iron towers which rest on cut- 
stone foundations. The swing span over the river is 
239 ft. long, and rests on piers of cut stone. The via- 
duct crosses obliquely over the iron viaduct of the New 
York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, the track of which 
is 68 ft, above the river surface, 



1 6 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

The WaworTh Run portion is 1,092 ft. long by 
56 ft. wide. Its height is 76 ft. 6 in. above Scranton 
avenue. Its construction is the same as the Cuya- 
hoga portion. Both are paved with wooden blocks in 
asphaltum. The entire contract was undertaken by 
the King Bridge Co. in May, 1886, and completed in 
December, 1888. Time, 2 yrs. 7*4 mos. The cost was 
$675,574, exclusive of right of way. 



CITY PARKS. 



The Parks of the city are nine in number, with an 
aggregate of 213.13 acres. 

Gordon Park, containing 1 19.81 acres, was recently 
bequeathed to the city by the late W. J. Gordon, by 
whom it had already been brought to a high degree of 
cultivation and improvement. It is protected on the 
lake side by a sea-wall of solid masonry. Drives and 
foot-paths, lawns, groves and fish-ponds diversify its 
surface. 

Wade Park, containing 63.5 acres, borders on Euclid 
avenue at the Bast End. It has a fine stream of water, 
fountains, and a small lake for boating. The nucleus 
of a zoological garden is here, containing already 
many varieties of birds and beasts. This park was 
presented to the city some years ago by the late J. H. 
Wade. It is to be connected with Gordon Park by a 
fine boulevard two miles long. 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 17 

Lake View Cemetery, one mile east of Wade Park, 
though not included in the list of city parks, deserves 
mention here for its natural scenery and costly im- 
provements in great variety. Here stands the Garfield 
Monument, erected by the citizens of the United States 
to the memory of the late President, James A. Gar- 
field. The monument consists of a circular stone 
tower 50 ft. in diameter and 165 ft. high, flanked by two 
smaller towers and a rectangular porch. It stands on a 
high parterre reached by a broad flight of stone steps. 
The interior decorations are very fine. In the centre 
stands a statue of Garfield, beneath which is the 
crypt containing his ashes. The mausoleum cost 
about $1 50,000 and was dedicated May 30, 1890. 

Monumental Park, in the heart of the city, con- 
tains 4)4 acres. Here stands the bronze statue of 
Moses Cleaveland, founder of the city. The Soldiers' 
and Sailors' Monument, in granite, bronze and marble, 
occupies the easterly quadrangle. From a base 100 ft. 
square rises a polished shaft to a height of no ft., upon 
whose capital stands an emblematic figure of Liberty, 
15 feet in height. This monument was erected by 
Cuyahoga county at a cost of $200,000. 

Euclid Avenue, of world-wide renown, extends 
easterly from Monumental Park to Lake View Ceme- 
tery, a distance of five miles. With its fine shade trees, 
broad lawns and palatial residences widely separated 
from each other, its park-like character is well main- 
tained from end to end. 





MOSES CI^AVElyAND. 



WATER WORKS. 



The city is supplied with water by the direct pumping 
and reservoir system combined, and is divided into low 
and high service districts. The water for the low serv- 
ice district is pumped to a height of 170 feet above 
Lake Brie, and that for the high service district to a 
height of 155 feet additional. 

The source of supply is Lake Brie. The crib con- 
taining the two inlet shafts is situated about 6,600 feet 
from shore. From the crib the water flows through 
two tunnels to the pump wells at the pumping station, 
and is then forced by five pumps through five mains 
to all parts of the city, and to the low service reservoir. 
The reservoir is used for regulating the pressure in the 
mains, receiving the excess of water pumped over that 
consumed, and furnishing a supply in addition to the 
pumps if needed ; also, in case of the stoppage of all 
pumps, it can supply the whole city for a few days. 

Near the reservoir at the corner of Woodland Hills 
and Norman street, is located the high service pumping 
station, which draws its supply from the low service 
reservoir through two 30-inch mains, one from each 
basin ; and also (in case of emergency only) from one 
of the 36 inch reservoir supply mains. The water is 
forced through a 30-inch main to the high service dis- 
trict, and to the high service reservoir situated on 
Kinsman street. 



20 CI/EVElvAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

The construction of the original water works was be- 
gun in 1854, and water was first supplied to the city in 
the year 1856. The intake at that time was located only 
300 feet from shore ; from this a 50 inch wrought iron 
pipe led to the shore, connecting there with a brick 
aqueduct, five feet vertical and four feet horizontal 
diameter, and 3,000 feet long, to the pumping station 
fronting on Division street. Two low pressure Cornish 
beam pumping engines, of a combined capacity of eight 
million gallons daily, furnished the city with water at 
that time. 

The water works plant at present consists of one crib 
in Lake Erie ; two tunnels, one five feet in diameter 
and one seven feet in diameter; one low service pump- 
ing station ; a low service system of supply and distrib- 
uting mains, and a low service reservoir. Also a high 
service pumping station, supply and distributing mains 
and high service reservoir. 

PROTECTION CRIB. 

The crib is pentagonal in form, with an open space in 
center for shaft. It has a floor eight inches thick built 
of 8x12 timbers ; on this are built three walls, all of 
12x12 pine timbers, securely fastened with drift bolts 
and screw bolts. Bach side of the outer wall is 54 feet 
long ; each side of the inner wall (which encloses open 
space) is nineteen feet long ; the distance from outside 
of outer wall to inside of inner wall is 24 feet, and mid- 
way between these two is the middle wall, also built up 
solid and joined to the outer wall by cross walls of tim- 
ber, thus dividing the crib into a number of compart- 
ments. It is thoroughly tied and braced with 12x12 



d,EVKI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 21 

inch timbers, and sheathed the whole height with 
2x12 oak plank on the face of all three walls. At the 
water line it is encircled with a / ^x36inch wrought iron 
band. The angles of the crib, from this band to the 
upper floor of crib, a distance of about 12 feet, are 
further strengthened by iron angle-plates lapping two 
feet on each side. Suitable inlet ports, connecting the 
well in the center of the crib with the lake, were pro- 
vided and are about ten feet above the bottom of the 
lake. 

The superstructure or house is a framework of timber 
sheathed with 6x12 inch timbers, outside of which the 
2x12 inch oak plank are also spiked ; the roof is made 
of two layers of ij4 inch matched flooring. At the cen- 
ter of the conical roof the light-house is built. The 
crib, which is 61 feet high to upper floor, is located 
about 6,600 feet from shore in 38 feet of water ; its 
pockets are completely filled with stone. It settled no 
less than thirteen feet into the bottom of the lake, 
which is a blue clay. This settlement occurred before 
riprap stone was placed around the crib, after which 
there was no more settling. 

TUNNELS. 

Two tunnels lead from the crib to the pumping 
station. The daily capacity is estimated at 150 million 
gallons. The first tunnel, five feet two inches vertical 
and five feet horizontal diameter, was commenced 
August 23d, 1869, and finished March 29th, 1874, water 
being drawn through it on the day following. The 
length of tunnel from shaft in crib to that on shore is 
6,661.61 feet. It is lined with two rings of brick laid in 



22 CI/EVElyAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

cement mortar, with one-half inch space filled with 
mortar between rings. Depth of lake shaft below surface 
of water is 90.2 feet; depth of shore shaft below surface 
of water is 67.5 feet. Internal diameter of each shaft is 
eight feet. 

The laud tunnel extending from the shore shaft to 
the pumping station is of same dimensions as lake 
tunnel ; it was commenced in March, 1876, and com- 
pleted in September of same year. The length is 2,580 
feet. The material through which the lake tunnel was 
built is unstratified blue clay, varying in solidity, at 
one place being so soft that a shield had to be used in 
order to hold the clay back long enough to permit the 
masonry to be put in. 

Considerable gas, water and quicksand were encoun- 
tered during the building of this tunnel, and about 832 
feet of completed tunnel [the sand for this distance 
being continually washed away by the water from a 
spring] settled so much that it had to be abondoned 
and a new tunnel built in place of it, about 73 feet west 
of and parallel to this abandoned part ; no trouble was 
encountered on the last line. 

The second tunnel, seven feet two inches vertical 
diameter and seven feet horizontal diameter, was com- 
menced in June, 1888, and finished in November, 1890. 
This tunnel is built on a nearly straight line from crib 
to pump station. The inlet shaft at the crib was sunk 
in a compartment of the crib between the outer and 
middle wall, the stone having been removed and the 
bottom cut through. Five shafts were sunk for this 
tunnel, three on the pump station grounds, one in the 
crib and one — a temporary working shaft — near the lake 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 23 

shore. When the lake shore shaft was nearly com- 
pleted, a vein of quicksand and gravel with strong flow 
of gas and water were struck, which entirely filled the 
shaft with water and sand so that it had to be aban- 
doned, and a new shaft sunk 150 feet to the westward. 
North of this shaft, gas, sand and water were four times 
encountered in such quantities as to cause the abandon- 
ment of about 680 feet of completed tunnel, and after 
three successive turnouts had been made without get- 
ting past the bad ground, an air compressor plant was 
erected at the shore shaft, the airlock being placed 634 
feet north of the shaft. The tunnel was then completed 
without difficulty under air pressure varying from 32 
pounds per square inch when encountering gravel, 
quicksand and gas, to six pounds in ordinary clay. A 
pressure of about sixteen pounds was necessary in very 
soft clay to prevent its creeping or swelling in. No 
bracing was required nor any shield, the compressed 
air supporting the clay sides of the excavation perfectly, 
until the lining could be built. This tunnel is 9,200 
feet long ; it is lined with three rings of brick laid in 
cement mortar with one half inch of cement mortar be- 
tween rings. 

Under compressed air the south heading was steadily 
advanced a distance of 3,574 feet north of the air-lock, 
to meet the north heading which was driven from the 
crib shaft. The position of the air-lock was never 
changed. Compressed air was also used in the north 
heading. No quicksand, water or gas were encountered 
in this heading, but pockets of very soft clay were passed 
through and the air pressure was used on this account. 



24 CI/EVEI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

PUMPING STATIONS. 

The low service pumping station is situated on the 
low ground just south of the old riverbed, at foot of 
Kentucky street. 

The buildings are all of brick on stone foundations, 
the older building resting on two cross courses of 12x12 
inch timber, two feet deep, placed twelve inches apart, 
with all the spaces between timbers filled with concrete. 

The new building and the additions to the older ones 
have a pile foundation ; piles being 25 feet long under 
the buildings and 35 feet long under the chimneys. 

These buildings contain six pumps, two Kuowles of 
fifteen million gallons daily capacity each, three Worth- 
ingtons often million gallons daily capacity each, and 
one ten million gallon Henderson engine ; a total of 
70 million gallons daily pumping capacity. All these 
are low duty horizontal direct acting duplex engines. 
The Henderson engine will this year be replaced with a 
fifteen million gallon Worthiugtou high duty engine. 

In order to raise the water to a height of 170 feet at 
Fairmount reservoir, a head equal to 193 feet has to be 
resisted at the pumps. Steam for these engines is fur- 
nished by 25 boilers of the tubular and the marine type, 
ten of these are in daily use, with five as a reserve. The 
remaining ten are used in connection with the reserve 
pumping engines. The average daily quantity of water 
pumped at the low service station during 1892 was 36^ 
million gallons. (36,500,000). 

The high service pumping station is built of stone, 
and rests on solid rock about eleven feet below surface. 
The old Cornish engines originally in use at the low 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 25 

service station were overhauled and placed in this 
building. Daily capacity, 8,000,000 gallons. 

STAND-PIPE. 

The tower enclosing the stand-pipe is built of stone 
to the height of engine house, and from this point up 
of brick. Its extreme height is 230 feet above the 
surface of the ground. It is connected with the engine 
house by a short passage way. The stand-pipe is about 
203 feet high above the surface of the ground ; it is four 
feet diameter at the base, and three feet diameter at the 
top and made of Otis steel, the thickness of plates 
ranging from T % at the bottom to % inch at the top. 
A spiral stairway is provided between the stand-pipe 
and tower. 

PIPE SYSTEM. 

Five mains, two 36 inches, two 30 inches and one 24 
inches, leading from the low service pumping station 
and spreading to all parts of the city, constitute the 
principal supply mains. They are connected at short 
intervals with the smaller distributing mains and also 
with each other, forming a complete network through- 
out the city, and are finally continued as two 36 inch 
mains to Fairmount reservoir in the eastern part of the 
city. At times, when the consumption of water during 
the day is greater than the pumps in use can furnish, 
the water flows back from the reservoir into the mains 
to maintain the supply, the quantity thus drawn from 
the reservoir being restored by the pumps during the 
following night. 

The mains and reservoir for the high service system 
are used in the same way. 



26 ClvEVElyAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

There are in use 36 miles of supply main, varying in 
size from 36 inches to 16 inches, and 324.6 miles of dis- 
tributing main, of from twelve inches to four inches in 
diameter. 

RESERVOIRS. 

The low service, or Fairmount reservoir, is bounded 
by Fairmount, Baldwin and Quincy streets, Wood- 
land Hills avenue, and N. Y., C. & St. Iy. Ry. Its great- 
est length is about 1,500 feet, and greatest width 700 
feet. The bottom is 150 feet above L,ake Erie, and the 
water line 170 feet. The top of embankment is five feet 
higher than water line. 

The reservoir is divided into two basins by an em- 
bankment across it at the center. The north basin has 
an area at water line of 351,000 square feet, and a capac- 
ity of 47 million gallons. 

Area of south basin, 254,000 square feet; capacity, 33 
million gallons. Total capacity of reservoir, 80 million 
gallons. The embankment is sixteen feet wide on top, 
inner slope is ij^ to one, and outer slope two to one. 
It is built of yellow sand lined on the inside slopes with 
iy 2 feet of puddled clay ; on top of that a layer of six inch 
broken stone and then four inches of gravel, finished 
with a ten inch pavement of sandstone. 

The ground was excavated to four feet below finished 
bottom line, on this was placed 2^ feet puddled 
clay ; four inches of gravel on top of that and on that 
one foot of concrete. The material for building this 
reservoir was all found on the ground with the excep- 
tion of the paving stone and cement. The ground con- 
sists of yellow sand, gravel, hard blue clay, interspersed 



CIvKVKlyAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 27 

with vertical strata of pipe clay, and under this blue 
shale rock. 

The high service reservoir is situated on the north 
side of Kinsman street, five miles east of Public Square ; 
the construction is practically the same as that of the 
low service reservoir, except that the embankment is 
built entirely of clay, that material being most con- 
venient. 

Elevation of water level 325 feet, elevation of bottom 
of reservoir 302 feet, area of basin at water line 255,810 
square feet, capacity 37,000,000 gallons, greatest length 
780 feet, greatest width 765 feet. 

The works are owned by the city and are self-sup- 
porting. The water rates to consumers are reduced 
from time to time when it is found to be practicable to 
do so. 
Total cost of construction to Jan. 1, 1893, . $6,367,492 94 

Net earnings during 1892 466,014 47 

Bonds outstanding 1,775,000 00 

Average consumption per da}^ in gallons . . 36,442,985 

" inhabitant .... 117 

" " consumer .... 143 



JL 



/iV 



GAS WORKS. 



Cleveland is supplied by two gas companies, one on 
each side of the river. 

The Cleveland Gas Light & Coke Co., in the Kast 
Side, is much the larger of the two. Its officers are : 
J. H. Morley, president; Malcolm S. Greenough, vice- 
president and general manager; C. H. Beardslee, sec- 
retary ; G. A. Hyde, engineer ; J. C. Heath, assistant 
engineer. Authorized capital, $2,000,000. The office 
is at 356 Superior street. The old works are located 
near the foot of Water street. These were begun in 
1846, and have been increased from time to time until 
the limit of available space was reached. The new 
works are located at the extreme easterly limit of the 
city near the Lake Shore Railway. They contain re- 
generation benches of nines and other modern im- 
provements after the French system. They are now 
producing gas, although the works are not finished. 
When completed they will contain much labor-saving 
machinery, reducing the cost of manufacture. The 
works produce coal gas ; the quality is eighteen candle 
power and is tested by an inspector appointed by the 
city. The gas is sold at a cheaper rate than in any 
other large city in the United States, the price being 
eighty cents per 1,000 feet, out of which six and one- 
half per cent, is paid into the city treasury. The net 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 29 

revenue to the Gas Company is therefore 74.8 cents per 
1,000 feet, which compares very favorably with most 
European prices. The output for -1893 is estimated to 
be about 750,000,000 cubic feet. 



ELECTRICAL WORKS. 



Cleveland is known to the world as one of the first 
cities in w 7 hich electricity was successfully applied for 
lighting and power purposes. This reputation has 
been maintained through the successful enterprise of 
the Brush Electric Company and other corporations 
more recently established here. 

The Brush Electric Company, now a part of the 
great General Electric Company, operates a plant cover- 
ing seven acres and employing 750 men. The works 
are on Mason street, near the C. & P. Railway. 

The business was established in 1876 under the name 
of the Telegraph Supply Company. The present name 
was adopted in 1880, and the capital stock was finally 
fixed at $2,000,000. 

The inventions of Chas. F. Brush were among the 
first to make electric lighting commercially successful. 
He was the first to construct a dynamo with current 
regulator and arc lamp, which made it possible to oper- 
ate a large number of electric lights in series on one 
wire. 



30 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

The company manufactures, under various patents, 
dynamo-electric machines for arc and incandescent 
lighting, electric motors, lamps and carbons, electro- 
plating machines, current regulators, and a large num- 
ber of other improved electric machines. 

Connected with this company, and also included in 
the General Electric Co., is the Short Electric Rail- 
way Company, organized in 1889 and capitalized at 
$5,000,000. The motor first turned out was of the 
double reduction type, which proved both efficient and 
economical. This was followed two 3-ears later by the 
single reduction motor, and this in turn by the gearless 
machine, a type so unexpected as to cause great surprise. 
This is the characteristic machine of this company ; at 
the same time careful attention has been paid to the 
development of their generator. There are now fifty- 
five roads in different parts of the country using the 
Short machines. 

The Cleveland Electric Light Co. have a large 
plant in operation in a four story building in the rear 
of 117 Public Square. They supply most of the electric 
lamps used in the city. 

The Brush Electric Light and Power Company 
have a plant on Lime street, at the foot of Michigan. 

The Society for Savings have a handsomely ap- 
pointed electric plant for lighting their own building. 
There are also some other private plants in the city. 

The Power Station of the East Cleveland Railroad 
Company is located on Cedar avenue at the C. & P. Ry. 
crossing. The present buildings are 80 x 100 and 80 x 






^ 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 3 1 

140 feet, and the addition, now in course of erection, 
will make the total area 240 x 140 feet. The boiler 
equipment at present consists of -fourteen boilers, 72 
inches by 80 feet, and 130 horse power each, with steam 
at 100 pounds. All are supplied with the Murphy 
Smokeless Furnace and Automatic Stoker. Water is 
supplied by an artesian well 8 inches diameter and 377 
feet deep, with a capacity of 100,000 gallons in twenty- 
four hours. The water rises to within seventy-five feet 
of the surface. The present steam engine equipment 
consists of three 250 horse power 18^ x 18 inch Arm- 
ington & Sims engines, running at 200 revolutions, and 
three 125 horse power 14^ x 15 inch engines, of same 
type, running at 260 revolutions per minute, and two 
500 horse power 28 x 48 inch Cooper engines, making 
seventy-two revolutions. The fly-wheels of the latter 
are twenty feet diameter by fifty-two inch face and 
weigh twenty-five tons each. The high speed engines 
are belted directly to the generators ; the low speed en- 
gines to a line shaft in four parts, aggregating seventy- 
nine feet. On this there are six 88 x 29 inch split 
friction-clutch pulleys so arranged that either of the 
two engines, which are at the ends of the shaft, can 
run the entire line or each may run one-half separately. 
The receiving pulleys are 74 x 50 inches. Either of the 
generators can be stopped or started independently. 
The generators are sixteen in number, of the Kdison 
compound wound type, and vary in capacity from 40 to 
1 50 K. W. each. They hold the voltage within a maximum 
range of ten volts. Two more generators, 150 K. W. 
each, are to be added soon. The armatures are kept 
cool by streams of cold air coming from the basement. 



32 CI^KVElvAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

C. W. Wason is vice-president and electrical en- 
gineer; R. M. Fuller is assistant electrician. 

The Power House of Woodland Avenue & West 
Side R. R. Co. is located just west of the river, on the 
north side of the Superior Street Viaduct. The build- 
ing is 160 x 140 feet ; the stack is 175 feet high. There 
are three 500 horse power boilers of the Scotch marine 
type. There are three triple expansion marine engines 
with two-foot stroke, running at 140 revolutions, mak- 
ing the piston speed 560 feet per minute. Coupled to 
an extension of the engine shaft at each end is a West- 
inghouse multi-polar generator of 250 horse power, 
designed to run at 140 revolutions. The direct con- 
nection of triple expansion engine and generator has 
never before been attempted, but the result is most 
satisfactory. The engines and boilers were constructed 
by the Globe Iron Works of Cleveland. 

The switchboard is of enameled brick ten feet six 
inches long, on an insulated foundation. The measur- 
ing instruments of the Westinghouse type are bolted 
to the brick-work, and connections through it are made 
by means of rubber tubing. 

The Brooklyn & South Side R. R. Co. owns 
three power stations, one located on Pearl street, near 
their office, one on Canal street, near Central Viaduct, 
and one on Scovill avenue, corner of Florence street; 
all three plants feed into the general net-work. 

The Pearl Street Station is the largest of the three. 
It contains five 150 horse power boilers. Water w T as 
taken from an artesian well, but this caused so much 
scale it had to be abandoned for city water. Five Ball 



CI.EVEI.AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 33 

engines are used to drive ten Thomson-Houston gener- 
ators of 62,500 watts capacity. Bach engine has two 
fly-wheels and the belting is direct. 

At the Canal Street Station there are six boilers of 
150 horse power each. Seven Ball engines of 125 horse 
power each are belted directly to as many Thomson- 
Houston generators. 

The Scovill Avenue Station is of brick, 88 x 48 feet, 
and has a stack 165 feet high. It contains three 150 
horse power boilers, eighteen feet long, equipped with 
the Roney Mechanical Stoker. Slack coal is used as 
fuel. There are five 16 x 24 " Straight Line " engines, 
and these are belted directly to five Thomson-Houston 
generators of 62,500 watts capacity each. The switch- 
board is supplied with Thomson-Houston instruments. 

The Power Station of the Broadway & Newburgh 
Street R. R. Co. is located at Broadway and xletna 
street, nearly at the center of the system, and also 
near the steepest grades. The building is of brick, 
62 x 325 feet. There are five 200 horse power boilers. 
Four Allis-Reynolds-Corliss engines are used ; one of 
600 horse power makes seveuty-tw r o revolutions per 
minute. The fly-wheel, twenty-four feet diameter, has a 
double crowned face and is connected by two twenty- 
four inch belts to two No. 80 Edison generators of 150 
K. W. capacity each, having receiving pulleys of thirty- 
six inch diameter, making about 550 revolutions. The 
other three engines are of 250 horse power each, and 
each has double sixteen-foot fly-wheels, making eighty 
revolutions. They are connected by eighteen inch 
belts to six Edison 80 K. W. generators, with pulleys 



CI.KVEI.AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

twenty-six inches diameter, making about 700 revolu- 
tions per minute. The switchboard is of marbleized 
slate, and is provided with the latest forms of circuit 
breakers and lightning arresters. The front section of 
the building is used for storing cars. 

The Ford-Washburn Store^Ectro Company have 
their works on Frankfort street, near Water street. 
They construct electrical machinery generally, but 
make a specialty of their storage battery car, which has 
been running about one year. The battery consists of 
180 cells of 150 ampere-hours capacity each. Bach cell 
is \Yz x 8 inches and 12 inches high, and weighs, with 
acid and rubber box, forty pounds. The motor is 
thirty-five horse power, series wound, and weighs 2,000 
pounds. The car is twenty-eight feet over all and 
weighs complete about seven tons. It can be run at 
any speed up to twenty miles an hour. One charge of 
the battery suffices for a run of forty miles. 



1 X 



STREET RAILWAYS. 



The street railways of Cleveland have been owned 
and operated by six companies until the present year. 
They are now owned by two consolidated companies, 
The Cleveland Electric Railway Co. and The Cleveland 
City Railway Co. 

The CIvEvei^and Electric Railway Co. is formed 
by the consolidation of the East Cleveland R. R. Co., 
the Broadw r ay & Newburgh R. R. Co., the Brooklyn 
Street R. R. Co. and the South Side Street R. R. Co. 
Its capital stock is $12,000,000, and bonded debt $1,500,000. 
Its officers are: Henry A. Everett, president; Horace 
E. Andrews, vice-president; R. A. Harman, secretary; 
L. E. Beilstein, assistant secretary; C. W. Wason, elec- 
trical engineer and purchasing agent ; Jas. Parmelee, 
treasurer ; John J. Stanley, superintendent ; Hon. Tom 
L. Johnson, chairman of board of directors ; A. L. John- 
son, chairman of executive committee. It operates 
54.34 miles of double track road within the city limits. 
It has single track extensions to Collinwood and Euclid 
4 miles, total 112.68 miles of single track. All the lines 
are operated by electricity, with overhead trolley wires. 
The rails are of the Johnson and the Wharton pat- 
terns, and range in weight from 52 to 90 lbs. per yard. 
The rails are connected by copper rail-bonds, which are 
soldered to a continuous ground w T ire. The trolley wire 
is No. o hard drawn copper. 



36 CI^KVKlvAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

The CXEVEI.AND City Railway Co. is formed by the 
consolidation of the Woodland Avenne & West Side 
Street R. R. Co. (32 miles), and the Cleveland City Cable 
Co, (19X miles). It is capitalized at $8,000,000. Its 
officers are : M. A. Hanna, president ; Frank DeH. 
Robison, vice-president ; J. B. Hanna, secretary; Geo. 
G. Mulhern, superintendent. It operates the Superior 
Street and Payne Avenue lines by cable, ig}( miles 
single track ; all the rest by electricity or horses. It is 
contemplated to dispense with horses in favor of elec- 
tricity the present year. The recent track is laid with 
Johnson rail, 82 and 98 lbs. One mile is laid with 
Wharton rail, 90 lbs., and 9 inches high. Each rail is 
wired both sides at the joints, with No. 00 galvanized 
iron wire. The trolley wire is of copper No. o, B. & S. 
The motors generally are of the Westinghouse single 
reduction type. Two 25 H. P. motors are placed on 
each car. The cable roads were built in 1890. The rail 
is the Wharton girder, 72 lbs. per yard, the joints resting 
on the yokes. The yokes are of cast iron, weigh 365 
lbs. each, and are placed 5 ft. apart, c. to c. They rest 
on beds of concrete. The conduit is oval in form, is 18 
inches deep inside, and consists of cement concrete laid 
in place upon wooden folding cores. The carrying 
pulleys are of chilled cast iron, 16 inches diam. and 35 
ft. apart. The curve pulleys are 42 inches diam. and 
have removable rings with chilled grooves. 

The power-house is a handsome building of pressed 
brick, located on Superior street at Kirtland street. 
The stack is 150 ft. high. It contains three Babcock & 
Wilcox boilers of 362 H. P. each. The fuel is crude oil 
piped direct from Lima, O., to an iron reservoir in the 



CI,EVEXAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 37 

station. The oil is burned in the form of spray mingled 
with a jet of steam. The burners are fed from a small 
pump giving from 5 to 8 lbs. pressure. There are two 
engines of 1250 H. P. each, cylinders 38x60 inches, 
built by William Wright, of Newburgh, N. Y. They are 
geared, one at each end of the main shaft, which is 16 
inches diam. and 90 ft. long. Either engine is capable 
of driving the entire machinery, and one is held in re- 
serve. Bach fly-wheel is 24 ft. diam. and weighs 65 
tons. The pinions on the main shaft are 5 ft. diam. by 

12 inch face. Each one engages with a pair of gears 

13 ft. diam., which are mounted on the driving drum 
shafts. The drums are of several sizes, according to the 
cable speed required. The main shaft is in three sec- 
tions, of 30 ft. each. These terminate in large disks, 
facing each other and two inches apart, giving a space 
through which to pass the cable when necessary. The 
disks are connected by a steel key set into the face of 
each disk and secured by bolts. The pinions are con- 
nected to the shaft by friction clutches so that either 
set of drums may be stopped at pleasure. The drums 
have differential rings. All the winding machinery was 
supplied by the Walker Mfg. Co. of Cleveland. Four 
cables are in operation ; the plant is designed for six. 
An overhead traveling crane is provided, capable of 
handling the heaviest piece in the plant. Some auxil- 
iary machinery is placed in a chamber under Superior 
street on the Public Square. East of this the cable has 
a speed of 12 miles an hour, west of it 6 miles an hour; 
the first cable drives the second by suitable drums and 
gearing. The cables east of the power station have a 
speed of 14 miles an hour. The lengths of the cables 



38 CI,EVEI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

respectively are : Superior street, east 23,900 ft. ; west 
24,300 ft, auxiliary 7,850. Payne avenue, east 26,300 ft. ; 
west 24,050 ft. The road and plant were designed and 
erected by the late Col. William H. Payne, of the Brook- 
lyn Bridge, New York, assisted by Mr. Robert Gillham. 



THE IRON INTEREST. 



IRON ORES. 



The L,ake Superior Iron Mines produced in 1890 no 
less than 9,003,701 gross tons of ore, the sale and move- 
ment of which was conducted by sales agents in 
CivKVKivAND, who are also owners of the mines to a 
large extent. Here the ore docks at all L,ake Erie ports, 
except Buffalo and Erie, are controlled, and here is 
owned fully 80 per cent, of the vessel property engaged 
in this commerce, which forms the largest single item 
in the lake traffic. The capital involved on July 1, 1892, 
in mining the output of the Lake Superior iron mining 
district and in transporting the same by lake and rail, 
was $175,394,985. More than sixty four million gross 
tons were produced in this district since 1855 up to 
January, 1892, and the ore is the finest in the world. The 
value of the ore at the Lake Superior mines averaged 
in 1889, $2.66 per ton. The distance of transport of ore 
by water averages about 600 miles. Nine-tenths of the 
output is shipped by water. 



40 CI.KVEI.AND ENGINEERLNCx WORKS. 

The actual receipts of iron ore by lake at the port of 
Cleveland for the five years 1888 to 1892 inclusive are as 
follows: 971,775, 1,742,415,1,945492,1,257,775,1,950,224; 
total, 7,867,681 gross tons. The iron ore stored on 
Cleveland docks May 1, 1893, was 628,639 gross tons. 

BLAST FURNACES. 

Cleveland has four large blast furnaces with five 
stacks, having a total average annual capacity of 275,000 
net tons, the value of the product being $4,000,000, at a 
low estimate. The fuel used is coke, and the ore comes 
from Lake Superior. 

The Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. owns two furnaces 
here; one, the Central Furnace, on the river flats, has 
two stacks; the other, the Newburgh Furnace, has one 
stack. The capacity of the three stacks is 180,000 net 
tons annually. The product is mainly No. 1 Bessemer pig. 

The Union Rolling Mill Co. owns the "Emma " Fur- 
nace, recently remodeled. The annual capacity is 55,000 
net tons ; the product, Bessemer foundry and forge pig 
iron. 

Pickands, Mather & Co. own the River Furnace, on 
the river flats. Its annual capacity is 40,000 net tons; 
the product is high grade foundry pig. 

IRON AND STEEL. MILLS. 

The annual capacity of the iron and steel mills of 
Cleveland is as follows : Net Tons. 

Bessemer and open-hearth steel, blooms, 

billets and slabs 545,000 

Rails 100,000 

Wire rods 288,000 

Merchant bars and shapes 108,500 

Plates, axles, iron and steel forgings, etc. . . 210,000 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 41 

Otis Steel Company, Limited. — The Otis Steel 
Works, sold to an English corporation three years ago 
for about $4,000,000, of which $3,000,000 was paid in 
cash, are the largest, most thoroughly organized and 
profitable plant engaged exclusively in the manufacture 
of steel in the United States. The works occupy about 
24 acres on the lake shore, at the foot of Lawrence 
street, and are equipped with the best modern ma- 
chinery, tools and appliances to economize labor and 
material. The capacity is 80,000 tons of steel per 
annum, chiefly boiler and ship plates, tires and axles, 
billets and forgings. The " Otis steel " is in high 
repute throughout the United States as a specialty. A 
large amount is consumed in this city. 

For the manufacture of steel plate, bar steel and 
forgings, of which the annual capacity is 40,000 net 
tons, this company has two rotary puddling furnaces, 
fourteen Siemens heating furnaces, nine hammers, 
seven 15-ton open-hearth steel furnaces, and three 
trains of rolls. In addition, there are two 5-ton 
converters (capacity about 40,000 tons annually), for the 
production of Bessemer steel for wire rods used largely 
by the American Wire Works, which are controlled by 
Cleveland stockholders in the Otis Works. 

Oil is used for fuel to some extent ; the company has 
its own gas works, and pumping plant drawing water 
from the lake. About 1,100 hands are employed in all 
departments. 

Lake Brie Iron Company is located at the mouth 
of the river, on the west side. The plant consists of 
sixteen single puddling and nineteen heating furnaces, 



42 CXKVEXAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

four trains of rolls and thirteen hammers. The annual 
capacity is 19,000 net tons. The product is locomotive 
and car axles, iron and steel forgings, iron shafting up 
to 20 inch diameter and merchant bar iron. The com- 
pany also owns a nut and bolt works, located at the 
foot of Oxford street. 

The CXevexand Roiling Mii,i, Company. — The 
business of this concern was started in 1857 by Chis- 
holm, Jones & Co., who, six years later, incorporated 
the present company with a capital of four million 
dollars. 

The works occupy seventy-five acres at Newburg. In 
September, 1892, there were employed in the various 
departments no less than 3,500 hands. The mines and 
vessels engaged in furnishing iron ore to the blast fur- 
naces are controlled by a separate company. 

This great corporation bears a most important rela- 
tion to the advancement of Cleveland as a manufactur- 
ing city. The plant in several departments has been 
and is now being remodeled on a grand scale. A new 
blooming mill has just been constructed at a cost of 
$250,000, and preparations are now being made for the 
adoption of the direct process in the manufacture of 
low phosphorus steel. This will necessitate the build- 
ing of an entire new steel mill, with three 10-ton con- 
verters, upon which work will begin during the present 
year. 

Its present works have a national reputation for the 
manufacture of almost every variety of steel and iron. 
The products, irrespective of blast furnaces, include 
Bessemer and open-hearth blooms, billets and slabs, 



CtKVKLAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 43 

beams, channels, angles, and all other structural shapes, 
Bessemer steel rails, small T and tram rails, steel wire 
rods, merchant, spring, toe-calks and sleigh-shoe steel, 
steel tires, hoops and forgings, wire, plain and barbed, 
steel boiler and tank-plate, galvanized and black sheet 
iron, and corrugated roofing and siding. 

The present Bessemer steel works have two io-ton 
converters, with an annual capacity of 180,000 net tons 
of ingots, and the open-hearth steel works comprises 
two 1 5- ton and two 7-ton open-hearth furnaces, with a 
capacity of 40,000 net tons of ingots. The capacity of 
the blooming mill is 250,000 net tons of blooms, billets 
and slabs, and the rail mills, comprising five heating 
furnaces and one train of rolls, have an annual capacity 
of 125,000 tons; the wire mills have an annual output 
of 50,000 tons of finished wire; structural and bar 
mills, capacity 5 5,oco tons of merchant bars and shapes ; 
plate mills, with six puddling furnaces, nine heating 
furnaces, two busheling furnaces, eight knobbling 
fires and four trains of rolls, and a galvanizing works 
attached, with an annual capacity of 15,000 tons. The 
company also has a foundry, a forge, machine shops, 
and barb-wire fence manufactory. 

Oil, and gas made from oil, are used largely as fuel in 
these works. 

The Union Roujng Mm, Company is located in 
Newburgh. The works cover seven acres of ground 
and employ about 400 hands. The mills have been in 
operation since 1875 ; the present equipment is of the 
very best. The present company was organized in 1880 
with a capital of $500,000. The works comprise nineteen 



44 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

single puddling furnaces, six heating furnaces with 
Siemens gas producers, and three trains of rolls. The 
daily capacity is 120 tons of finished iron, including bar 
iron, angles, fish plates, steel rails and shafting. The 
specialties are " Union Refined " bar, and cold-straight- 
ened shafting. 

The: Cleveland City Forge and Iron Company 
is located on Case avenue, at the corner of L,ake street. 
The works cover ten acres and are fully equipped with 
machinery of the heaviest class. They supply the 
heaviest forgings known to iron masters, either of iron 
or steel, in the rough, rough-machined, or finished 
complete. Single forgings of 100 tons each can be dealt 
with. Only one other forge in the world, that of the 
Krupps in Germany, can compare with the Cleveland 
Forge. The company supplies shafts, beams, sternposts 
and rudders for the new U. S. Navy, as well as for the 
merchant marine, both of the great lakes and the ocean. 
It also furnishes the necessary forgings for marine and 
other engines, hydraulic and special machinery. The 
product in car axles amounts to 110,000 annually. The 
company also make the celebrated pressed turn- 
buckles of wrought iron or steel, the patented Chapman 
jackscrews, coupling links and pins, etc. 

The Britton Iron and Steel Company, at the 
foot of Wason street, on the lake shore, have been 
producing annually 10,000 net tons of black and 
galvanized iron and steel plates and sheets, but it is now 
proposed to erect two 20 ton open hearth steel furnaces 
and a universal mill for heavy plates. The mill, which 
was built in 1853, was remodeled last year. There are 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 



45 



six single puddling and six knobbling furnaces, ten 
heating furnaces, five trains of rolls and one hammer. 

The Britton Roiling Mh,i, Company was organ- 
ized in 1892. The works are at the foot of Hoyt avenue. 
They produce iron and steel plates and heavy sheets, 
with a capacity of 6,000 net tons annually. There are 
three heating furnaces and one 24 inch by 72 inch train 
of rolls. Additions are being made for the manufacture 
of black plates for a tinplate industry. 



SHIPBUILDING. 



Cleveland is now the largest shipbuilding point in 
the United States and is second only in the world to the 
famous Clyde district of Scotland. The reports of the 
U. S. Commissioner of Navigation show that the build- 
ing of vessels of all kinds at Cleveland has been as fol- 
lows : 

Year. No. of Boats. 
1887 21 

24 

22 

24 



1888 . 

1889 . 

1890 . 

1891 . 

1892 . 



Gross' Tonnage. 
22,014 

25>940 
32,227 

39,095 
3T,827 
23,920 



Of the above, the vessels of iron and steel were as fol- 
lows : 

Gross Tonnage. 



Year. 
1890 
1891 , 
1892 



28,630 
26,523 
21,528 




< 

o 
u 

en 
O 

O 

P< 

M 

w 

O 

►4 
o 

w 

w 

PQ 

»-T 
H 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 47 

There are eight shipbuilding and dry dock establish- 
ments in the city, making a return to the last Census 
Bureau as follows : Capital, $2,587,775 ; hands employed, 
2,083 ; cost of wages the year, $1,188,662 ; material, 
$1,442,045 ; miscellaneous expenses, $73,921 ; value of 
product, $3,091,300. 

Globe Iron Works Company, 
Cor. Center & Spruce Streets. 

H. M. Hanna, President. 

J. F. Pankhurst, Vice President and General Manager. 

Luther Allen, Secretary and Treasurer. 

Walter Miller, Mechanical Engineer. 

The Globe Iron Works was established in 1853 f° r ine 
purpose of manufacturing marine machines, boilers, etc. 
In 1884, the Globe Ship Building Company was organ- 
ized to build iron and steel hulls for vessels, being the 
first to engage in that industry on the Ohio lake coast. 
In 1886, the two enterprises were combined, and the 
Globe Iron Works Company was incorporated with a 
capital of $500,000. The office and works for the 
machinery department occupy the square bounded by 
Center, Elm, Spruce and Hemlock streets, while the 
foundry covers more than half a block on Center, Elm, 
Spruce and Main streets, the company here being 
extensively engaged in the manufacture of marine 
machinery and as steel and iron workers, machinists 
and founders. The office building is a handsome 
structure at Center and Spruce streets. Among the 
other buildings are a large four story machine works 
and large buildings for foundry, boiler and forge shops. 
The machinery equipment includes great steam cranes 



4 8 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 



and overhead railways for moving heavy material and 
products with the greatest ease, powerful lathes, planers, 
boring machine and other devices. The foundry has 
two cupolas, each of ten tons capacity. The company's 
iron ship-yard has a frontage of 1,400 feet upon the 
estuary of the Cuyahoga River known as " Old River 
Bed," at the foot of Taylor street, where they have space 
to build four ve^ large ships at the same time. Vessels' 
keels are laid parallel with the stream, and the complete 
hulls are launched broadside. Tramways extending to 
all parts of the yard, ponderous and powerful machinery 




NORTHERN STEAMSHIP CO.'S TWIN SCREW PASSENGER 

STEAMER. 



of every appropriate description, a derrick of 100 tons 
capacity for placing boilers and machinery in the holds 
of vessels, and other improved machines are included in 
the plant, and there is also a complete planing and saw- 
mill where all the furniture and finishing work of 
vessels is turned out. The entire works employ 1,200 
workmen, with an average weekly pay-roll of $13,000. 
15,000 tons of metal are consumed annually. From in- 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 49 

corporation in July, 1886, to June I, 1892, the company 
have launched 31 large steel freight vessels, the $300,000 
twin-screw steel passenger steamer, Virginia, for the 
Goodrich Transportation Company, plying between 
Chicago and Milwaukee, and the auxiliary ocean going 
steam yacht Comanche, for H. M. Hanna, these vessels 
all representing the most improved construction, and 
many of them the greatest achievements in artistic 
finish. They also built the Ideal steel fish boat, and 
other vessels of smaller dimensions. Their steam-steer- 
ing engine, steam-capstan windlass, and combined 
hoisting and pumping engines, are all of peculiar 
interest and merit. 

The Cleveland Ship Building Company, 
120 Viaduct. 

H. D. Coffinberry, President. 
Robert Wallace, Vice President. 
Wm. M. Fitch, vSecretary. 
J as. C. Wallace, Assistant Manager. 
Arendt Angstrom, Naval Architect. 

The Cleveland Ship Building Company was organized 
in 1886 and incorporated under the laws of Ohio. It 
purchased the property and good- will of the Cuyahoga 
Steam Furnace Company, then fifty years old and the 
pioneer establishment of the kind in northern Ohio. 
The ship-yard extends 760 feet along the west bank of 
the river, with two berths accommodating two of the 
largest lake crafts at once. The mold loft, 185x40 feet, 
and joiner shop, 75x40 feet, are on a higher level, and 
all the tools are housed under them. The plate furnace 
is 8x16 feet, the angle furnace, 3^x45 feet, and the 




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CI,EVEI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 5 1 

bending slabs of 800 square feet are in front of them. 
Two overhead traveling cranes, 44 feet span and two 
tons capacity each, extend over the building berths and 
convey material from the yard to either ship. The yard 
is fully supplied with heavy and other tools. The boiler 
shop, of brick, 227x85 feet, contains an overhead travel- 
ing crane, 30 feet span, 15 tons capacity, and hydraulic 
crane of 25 tons capacity, also hydraulic riveter, flanger, 
etc., besides rolls, planers and other tools. The machine 
shop is of brick, five stories high, 103x54 feet. The fifth 
floor fronts on the Viaduct, and here are the general 
offices of the company. The foundry is of brick, 192x77 
feet, and is specially fitted up for producing heavy cast- 
ings. In the five years since the yard was equipped, it 
has turned out no less than 17 steam vessels, having an 
aggregate length of 4,428 feet, gross tonnage 2^,892, and 
horsepower 15,110. The largest one was 318 feet long, 
41 feet beam, 25 feet deep, tonnage 2,415, horse power 
1,400. In addition the company has built 15 compound 
or triple-expansion engines, and boilers for vessels built 
elsewhere. It has built a number of blowing engines 
for blast furnaces. It has also built for the Cleveland 
City Forge and Iron Company the largest steam helve 
hammer in the United States. 

Ship Owners' Dry Dock Company, 
Yard, Old River Bed, foot of Weddell street. 

Thomas Wilson, President. 
Gustav Cold, Secretary. 

This is the largest dock-yard on the great lakes. There 
are two docks. The dimensions of dock No. 1 are 340 
feet on keel blocks, 50 feet width of gate, 16 feet depth 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 53 

on keel blocks. The dimensions of dock No. 2 are 336 
feet length by 14 feet depth on keel blocks, width on 
bottom 45 feet, on top 85 feet. The sides and ends slope 
at 45 degrees and are faced with altars of 10 inch rise 
and tread. The gate entrance is 47 feet wide at sill and 
55 feet on top, with 15 feet 4 inches water on the sill. 
There is a double-faced diaphragm gate of wood, well 
braced, and supplied with four wickets, 24 inches in 
diameter. There are two vertical pumps with 24 inch 
discharge, driven by two horizontal engines, 18x20 inch 
cylinders. There are three boilers, 6 feet diameter by 
16 feet long. This equipment will empty the basin in 
40 or 45 minutes when docking a vessel of average size. 
Being equipped with I^ucigen lights, work can be car- 
ried on at night as well as by day. 

The yards for the construction of wooden vessels, 
which thirty years ago presented scenes of great activ- 
ity, have yielded to the modern demand for iron and 
steel vessels, and for the most part have been perma- 
nently closed. Plants for the repair of wooden hulls, 
however, are connnected with the dry docks. 

A depth of water in lake harbors of only fifteen feet 
limits the draft of hulls. The present locks of St. 
Mary's Canal have the same depth on the sills, but when 
the third lock now under construction is completed in 
1896, it will admit of the passage of vessels drawing 21 
feet. A corresponding deepening of the shallow chan- 
nels between lakes, and of the principal harbors, will 
then revolutionize the lake marine. 

The new lock will be 800 by 100 feet, with a lift of 18 
ft. 2 in. Its cost will be $5,000,000. 



ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES. 



Among the 2,300 manufacturing establishments of 
Cleveland enumerated in the last census are a number 
which are of special interest to the engineer by reason 
of their magnitude, their wide reputation and the 
peculiar nature of their product. We shall endeavor to 
describe a few of these. 

The Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine 
Company. — The Brown Hoisting and Conveying 
Machine Company, working under the various patents 
of Alexander B. Brown, has for twelve years past been 
erecting on the lakes and elsewhere machinery specially 
designed for hoisting and conveying iron ore. It is a 
positive acting automatic machine, that will take material 
either from or to any desired point on its line and raise, 
lower or dump the same at the will of the operator. It 
hoists from vessel, car or mine, and is equally useful in 
conveying material across rivers or ravines, — a clear 
span of 1,500 feet being possible,— or carrying material 
long distances over rough or hilly country. Among the 
styles of conveyers, the principal are bridge, shed, cable 
and suspended beam tramway systems, which, with the 
bucket truck, sheaves, friction clutch, hook, etc., are 
all of improved design, secured by patents. The com- 
pany also manufactures automatic dumping buckets, a 
patent furnace hoist for charging blast furnaces and 
kilns, and a steam power traveling crane with 



CXEVEtAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 55 

cantilever extension. The company employ from 300 
to 500 men. Its machines and systems are largely used 
abroad as well as in this country. .Seventy-five per cent, 
of the ores coming from the Lake Superior district to 
Lake Erie are handled by this machinery. The bridge 
and shed tramways are used by leading dock companies, 
railroad companies, and coal handlers at lake ports. 
They are used in large numbers to remove the rock 
from the excavations of the great Chicago Drainage 
Canal now in progress. The company are now building 
for the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Company 
a plant at Bast Buffalo, including an iron storage build- 
ing, 674x354 feet, with 75 feet clear space, holding 
250,000 tons of hard coal. Four bridge tramways will 
be used for handling the coal, and special traveling 
cranes are being built for this plant. With this 
company's special machinery, vessels getting to dock at 
6 A. M. can leave at 6 P. M., after discharging 3,000 tons 
of iron ore. The compan}- was incorporated in 1880 
with $100,000 capital, and its office and works occupy 
premises, 300x285 feet, four stories high, at Hamilton 
and Belden streets. 

The King Bridge Company. — The King Bridge 
Company of Cleveland, Ohio, have one of the largest 
plants in the country for bridge and structural work. 
Their plant is located at the head of Ruskiu street, near 
St. Clair street, on both the Pennsylvania Company and 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroads. The 
company have under roof an area of 155,000 square feet 
and have been uninterruptedly engaged in business 
since 1858; first under the name of Z. King, who built 
the first iron bridge west of the Rocky Mountains ; then 



CIvEVEXAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 57 

as Z. King & Son, the firm consisting of Z. King and 
James A. King; and finally incorporated as the King 
Bridge Company. This gives them an experience of 
thirty-four years in manufacturing and erecting bridges, 
buildings and structural work. Valuable improvements 
have been made from year to year in the style and de- 
tails of their bridges. 

The King Bridge Company furnishes not only bridges, 
but iron and steel work for buildings and roofs, etc., 
for furnace plants, mills, or any style of fire-proof con- 
struction desired ; also hoisting and conveying machin- 
ery for handling ore, coal, etc. They have recently 
added a plant for the manufacture of steel eye-bars by 
the latest and most improved methods, and are now one 
of the few manufacturing companies able to make this 
class of material. 

Their works are supplied with the latest improve- 
ments in machinery. The company has erected over 
two hundred miles of bridges. Among the latest is 
the large steel cantilever bridge between Cincinnati and 
Newport, erected during the years 1890 and 1891, at a 
cost of $2,500,000. The entire structure, including the 
foundations, was built by this company. The large 
Kingsbury Run and Central Viaducts, Cleveland, Ohio, 
were also constructed by this company. Among build- 
ings which they have constructed are the Palm House, 
Lincoln Park, Chicago ; the iron and steel work for the 
Mines and Mining, Agricultural and Horticultural 
buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chica- 
go ; and the iron and steel work for the market building 
of the Sheriff Street Market and Storage Company at 
Cleveland, Ohio, 



58 clykvexand engineering works. 

The Walker Manufacturing Company. 
Works, foot of Waverly Avenue. 

J. B. Perkins, President. 
John Walker, Vice Pres. and Gen. Man. 
W. H. Bone, Manager. 
Z..M. Hubbell, Sec. and Treas. 

The works were founded in 1882 ; the company was 
reorganized in 1891 with a capital of $350,000, when the 
works were reconstructed and greatly enlarged. The 
works cover about six acres, and the equipment is un- 
excelled in the country. They give employment to 
550 men. The machine shop is 170 feet wide and is 
built in three bays, two of which are 288 feet in length 
and the third 430 feet. Each bay is provided with a 30- 
ton traveling crane of improved construction, built by 
the Walker Manufacturing Company. The cranes are 
driven by a 24 x 48 inch Corliss engine through a rope 
gear. All the machinery is calculated to perform the 
heaviest kind of work and to finish it with the greatest 
precision. Among the tools is a lathe with a 72-inch 
swing and bed 40 feet long capable of carrying between 
centres a forging of twenty-five tons; a planer with ta- 
ble 27 feet long and stroke of 26 feet; a Gleason gear 
planer of large size, and a pit lathe 86 feet long, 12. feet 
wide and 25 feet deep. 

The foundry, which is a model of its kind, is 118 by 
300 feet in three bays, the center one being 41 feet high 
to the tie-beams. It is provided with two 30-ton and 
two 12-ton traveling cranes. It is well lighted and 
free from smoke. The old foundry adjoining is also 
in use. There are four cupolas ; two are 60 inches 
diameter, one 72 inches and one 84 inches. They 



60 CI^KVKIvAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

will melt on an average 13.10 pounds of iron per 
pound of coke. The blast is supplied by a vertical 
blowing engine 14 x 30 inches, with two air cylinders 
48 by 30 inches. All the coke, iron and limestone is 
raised by hydraulic power developed in a 14-inch ac- 
cumulator of 14-foot stroke, with an average pressure 
of 1,000 pounds per square inch by differential pumps, 
making 150 revolutions per minute. The elevator can 
raise 12,000 pounds. The core ovens are 24x30 feet and 
20 x 30 feet respectively and are heated by underground 
flues. The carriages are operated by gearing and crank 
handles. Mechanical sand sifters are used. The cast- 
ing pits range from 12 to 24 feet iu diameter and some 
are 25 feet deep. The foundry is heated in winter by 
hot air delivered by a Sturtevant blower through an in- 
let 42 inches square at the rate of 50,000 cubic feet a 
minute. The pulley moulding machines and the gear 
moulding machines are most interesting. They exe- 
cute work with remarkable speed and accuracy. 

Of special importance among the productions of this 
company is the Walker patent differential cable drum, 
with separate ring for each wrap of cable, dispensing 
entirely with any wear of the grooves or of the cable 
while on the grooves. These drums are now in use 
throughout the United States, at Sidney, New South 
Wales, and at Staffordshire, England, Four drums, 32 
feet diameter, weighing 104 tons each, were recently de- 
livered to the Broadway Cable Road, New York. The 
largest gear wheel ever made in America, weighing 66^ 
tons, was built at these works for the diamond mines 
of South Africa. The product of the company also in- 
cludes cable machinery of all sorts, traveling cranes, 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 6 1 

complete outfits of hydraulic machinery, bloom shears, 
riveting plants, boiler-making machinery, wire-mill 
machinery, rumbling mills, etc. 

The Hill Clutch Works, located at the foot of 
Waverly avenue, adjoining the Walker Manufacturing 
Company, have well equipped machine shops. They 
manufacture power transmission machinery, the spe- 
cialty being the Hill friction clutch and cut-off coup- 
ling, which is largely used in electrical plants and man- 
ufacturing establishments. Some of the machinery in 
these works is peculiarly interesting. 

The Variety Iron Works were established in 1866. 
It employs 350 men. The company has two distinct 
plants, one at 55 Scranton ave., the other on Hamilton, 
near Case ave., and these comprise boiler shops, 
bridge shops, machine shops, a foundry, blacksmith 
shops and facing mills. They make a specialty of 
high-grade boilers, but build also tanks and stills, iron 
buildings and bridges, paper mill and other heavy ma- 
chinery and furnish foundry supplies. The officers are : 
L. M. Pitkin, pres. and treas. ; F. L. Chamberlain, sec- 
retary; Chas. F. Lewis, engineer and superintendent. 

The Excelsior Iron Works Company are located 
at Columbus and Leonard streets. They manufacture 
steel boilers, mining and quarry machinery, and marine 
engines, revolving derricks, hoisting engines, coal and 
ore buckets and dump cars. The officers are : Geo. W. 
Short, president; Thos. Fleming, vice-president; John 
Stovering, superintendent ; and L,. D. Johnson, secre- 
tary and treasurer. 



62 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

The McMyi/er Manufacturing Company, located 
at 180 Columbus street, make a specialty of manu- 
facturing the McMyler patent revolving derricks, which 
are extensively used in handling coal and ore on the 
docks at lake ports. They also make ore buckets and 
dump cars. John McMyler and B. F. Atherton are the 
proprietors. 

The Chishoi,m Steel Shovel Works is one of the 
largest of its class in the United States. These goods 
have the merit that the metal portion of each shovel, 
spade or scoop is made in a single piece without weld 
or rivets. The works consist of handsome buildings on 
Case ave. and the C. & P. railway. The same parties 
also manufacture Murgatroyd's patent hoisting engines, 
elevators, land and marine hoisting and transmitting 
machinery for coal, ore, etc. The proprietors are Wm- 
Chisholm, Sr., & Sons. 

The Lake Shore Foundry, O. M. Burke, pres. 
and treas. ; C. E. Burke, vice-pres. and supt. ; Geo. B. 
Thomas, secretary, is located at the foot of Alabama 
street. It has a daily melting capacity of 300 net tons, 
and employs 500 men. The product is cast iron pipes 
for gas and water in sizes from 3 to 48 inches; also car, 
bridge and general castings. 

CAR WHEEL WORKS. 

Cleveland has five concerns engaged in making car- 
wheels, with a capacity for 335,200 wheels annually. 

The Ci,evei,and Wheei, and Foundry Company, 
(Maher & Brayton) , at 20 Carter street, makes cast iron 
wheels and does general foundry work. They have 4 



CI,EVEI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 63 

cupolas, with an aggregate capacity of 150 tons daily, 
and employ 250 men. 

Bowi^ER & Co., 14 Winter street, and also Bessemer 
avenue, have two distinct plants, with a capacity for 100,- 
000 wheels annually. They employ 200 hands and turn 
out chilled wheels for cars, engines and trucks — also steel 
tired wheels and street car wheels, railroad and other 
heavy castings and architectural iron work. Under 
the title of the Cleveland Frog and Crossing Co., they 
manufacture the Lucas patent steel rail frog and cross- 
ing, spring rail frogs, split switches and track supplies. 

The Fui/Ton Foundry Company (S. M. Carpenter 
and C. J. Langdon and W. E. Haycox), of 202 Merwin 
street, has a capacity for 20,000 chilled car wheels for 
all purposes and 1,200 steel-tired wheels. They also pro- 
duce turn-tables, transfer-tables, and track castings, and 
trucks for electric cars, radial draw bars, etc. 

DORNER & DuTTOn's Foundry, located at New- 
burgh, has a capacity of 25,000 chilled wheels per an- 
num. They manufacture a truck for electric cars 
which has gained a wide celebrity. It is solid forged, 
non-teetering and has elliptic springs and patent brake. 
The factory and offices are at 50-52 Fall street. 

The Paige Car Wheei, Company manufactures a 
steel-tired wheel of remarkable strength and finish by 
certain ingenious processes peculiar to themselves. 
The product amounts to 14,000 tons a year. Their of- 
fice is in the Hickox building. 



64 CI.KVKI.AND KNGINKKRING WORKS. 

WIRE RODS, WIRE AND WIRE NAILS. 

This industry is more largely developed in Cleveland 
than in any two other cities in the world. There are 
four establishments engaged in the manufacture of 
these products, as follows : 

Thk Ci.evKi.and Roi.i.ing M11.1. Company, already 
noticed under another head, page 42, has an annual 
capacity for 125,000 tons of rods and 55,000 tons of wire. 

Thk HP Nail Company began the manufacture of 
wire nails in 1879. It employs 700 men and has an an- 
nual capacity for 55,000 gross tons of rods, 55,000 net 
tons of wire, and 1,000,000 kegs of nails. Coal gas is 
used in the heating furnaces and fuel oil under boilers. 
The works are situated near the foot of Case avenue, 
and cover about three acres. The wire nails include all 
sizes and styles, from the largest spikes and boat nails 
down to window shade nails and the smallest wire tacks. 
The company also makes rivets, staples of all sorts, 
and basket hooks, etc. All are made by machinery, and 
each form of article requires its special automatic ma- 
chine, the whole forming a most interesting and in- 
structive study. The officers are, S. H.Chisholm, pres. ; 
C. B. Beach, vice-pres. ; E. C. Beach, sec. 

Thk Baackes Wirk Naii. Company. — Although only 
put in operation in 1891, this company, whose man- 
agers contemplate the erection of furnaces for the 
manufacture of wire and nails from the ore to the 
finished product, is already engaged in rolling rods, 
drawing wire and making nails. The capacity, annual- 
ly, is 40,000 net tons of rods, 40,000 tons of wire and 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 65 

600,000 kegs of nails. The company owns twenty acres 
of property at the eastern extremity of the city on the 
lake shore. The equipment includes, in addition to 
heating furnaces, rolls and nail making machines, 
eighteen boilers with engines aggregating 5,800 
horse power, and a large gas works, together with gal- 
vanizing plant and barb wire fence works. 

The American Wire Company, which is closely al- 
lied to the Otis Steel Company, began business in 1886 
rolling wire rods. A specialty is now made of galvan- 
ized, tinned and coppered wire. Employment is given 
to 1 100 hands, many of them skilled workmen. The 
plant for making rods comprises one Belgian rod mill 
with four gas producers, three heating furnaces and 
four trains of rolls, one continuous rod mill with three 
gas producers, two heating furnaces and three trains of 
rolls. The rods are manufactured from steel billets in 
one continuous operation. The capacity is 75,000 net 
tons of rods annually. The equipment includes thirty- 
six boilers and seven engines, aggregating 25,000 horse 

power. 

Union Steel Screw Company. 

Works, Corner Case and Payne Avenues. 

Fayette Brown, President. 
J. A. Bidwell, Superintendent. 

The National Screw and Tack Company. 
Works, Quincy Street, at C. & P. R. R. 

W. D. B. Alexander, President. 
D. Elliott, Vice-Pres. and Gen. Supt. 
C. W. Bralnerd, Secretary. 
These are two large concerns manufacturing steel , 
iron and brass wood-screws, tacks and small nails, bolts 



66 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

and nuts. They are equipped with automatic machin- 
ery in great variety for this special work. They are en- 
tirely distinct interests, with a total capital of $750,000, 
and they employ, all told, about 450 hands. 

The Cleveland Machine Screw Company, 
131 Second Ave. Capital stock, $200,000. 

Thomas H. White, President. 
Howard White, Vice-President. 
J. D. Climo, Secretary. 
W. T. White, Treasurer. 
J. B. Clyne, Superintendent. 

This company manufactures automatic screw ma- 
chines for making milled screws, specialties, etc. ; also 
have 150 of these machines in operation. The factory 
is new and of the latest modern slow-burning construc- 
tion. Have been in operation eighteen months. 

NUTS, BOLTS AND WASHERS. 

In these articles, the Cleveland product exceeds that 
of any two other cities in the United States. The in- 
dustry employs about 1,800 hands, the capital invested 
is about $2,000,000, and the value of the product is es- 
timated to be $2,750,000 annually. The six leading con- 
cerns are as follows : 

Lake Brie Iron Company, Whiskey Island. 

Lamson & Sessions Company, . . Scranton Avenue. 

Upson Nut Company, Jennings Avenue. 

Colwell & Collins Norway Bolt Company, 

Girard Street. 
Chapin Bolt and Nut Company, Division, cor. Rector. 
Bourne & Knowi.es M'f'g Company, . Main Street. 



ci y evei,and engineering works. 67 

The National Mai/l/eabi,e Castings Company. — 
Cleveland is the headquarters of the malleable iron in- 
dustry of this country. The largest works of this kind 
in the United States are located here. They are a part 
of the National Malleable Castings Company, in which 
the Malleable Iron Works of Chicago, Indianapolis and 
Toledo were united in January, 1891. The parent es- 
tablishment in Cleveland, which was the first to be 
erected west of the Alleghanies, was founded in 1868, 
with a capital of $50,000, by Mr. A. A. Pope, who is now 
at the head of the combined works, having a capital of 
$3,000,000 and employing 3,000 workmen. The officers 
of the National concern and its managing directors re- 
side in Cleveland, the business in Chicago, Indianapolis 
and Toledo being conducted by resident agents. 

The Cleveland plant, which was formerly known as 
the Cleveland Malleable Iron Works, comprises ten 
acres near the intersection of Woodland avenue and the 
Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railway, covered with substan- 
tial buildings, which are equipped with specially de- 
signed machinery. 

The business of the company consists in making 
malleable iron castings to order by the air furnace 
process. Their product is largely used instead of 
wrought iron forgings and common cast iron in the 
manufacture of agricultural implements and machinery, 
and in the construction of railway cars. 

One important branch of the business of the Cleve- 
land works is the manufacture of castings, called 
wheel flanges, used in the construction of wheels for 
vehicles. These they produce in a variety of sizes and 
ship to all parts of the United States and Canada. 



68 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

Malleable iron is also largely used in the construction 
of railway cars, this use being a recent development 
of the business ; the suitability of the material for this 
purpose has, however, been fully established, and the 
resulting economy in the building of cars has been fully 
recognized by car mechanics and builders. 

The Ebkrhard Manufacturing Company was 
established in 1879 for the manufacture of malleable 
castings used in the carriage, wagon and saddlery in- 
dustries. The company is capitalized at $400,000 and 
employs about 1,000 hands ; the premises cover thirteen 
acres and include thirty buildings. The product is 
marketed both at home and abroad. A. A. Pope, presi- 
dent. 

The Cleveland Hardware Company manufactures 
shapes, rolled from muck bar and steel, for wagon, 
carriage and sleigh hardware. It employs 200 men and 
has a capacity of 8,500 net tons annually. The works 
contain one heating furnace with a gas producer, and 
one ten inch train of rolls. 

These two concerns have a product valued at no less 
than $4,750,000 annually. 

The Avery Stamping Company manufacture steel 
hollow ware for working utensils and elevator buckets, 
which are seamless and are stamped into shape from 
sheet steel. Bight tons of sheet steel are cut up daily. 
These are the only works in the country making heavy 
goods of this kind. The machinery is of special design. 
The goods are of fine quality, and reach the trade 
through the Bronson Supply Co. The export trade is 
large. 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 69 

The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company occupies an 
entire block on Seneca and Cuyahoga streets. This 
company, which also has works at Southington, Plants- 
ville and East Berlin, Conn., is the largest concern in 
the world in its special line, the manufacture of hard- 
ware of every conceivable pattern for the trade. The 
plant in Cleveland employs 400 hands; it has two 
cupolas of 1,500 and 2,500 lbs. capacity respectively, 
furnaces, hammers and improved machinery. The 
engine is of 350 horse power. The company is noted 
for its line of tinners' tools and machines, which are in 
demand in Australia, Japan, China, India and other 
parts of the world. 

The GobeHvLE Pattern Company has the largest 
pattern works in the world, and manufactures patterns 
of every size and description. The machinery as a rule 
is specially designed for the business, the men employed 
are experts in their line, and the work systematically 
divided into specialties. This concern was the first to 
employ women at making patterns for castings and to 
use automatic machinery in that branch. The works 
are at the corner of Leonard and Winter streets. Jos. 
Leon Gobeille, general manager. 






SPECIAL TOOLS, 



Warner & Swasey. — This firm is composed of 
Worcester R. Warner and Ambrose Swasey. Their 
works are located on the C. & P. R. R., near Euclid Ave. 
Station. These were built by them in 1881 and are 
especially adapted for their class of work. The equip- 
ment is exceptionally fine, including some delicate 
apparatus. They manufacture machine tools for iron 
and brass work. One of the important features of their 
machine tool business is the complete line of brass 
working machinery, small tools and fixtures for the 
equipment of shops, for manufacturing steam, water 
and gas brass goods, many of the important manufac- 
tories in the country being equipped with a full line of 
their tools. A general assortment of their machine 
tools is usually kept in stock. 

In addition to their work in the manufacture of ma- 
chine tools they also have an important department for 
astronomical instruments. At their works was de- 
signed the great 26-iuch equatorial telescope and its 
entire equipment, with 40-foot elevating floor and 45- 
foot dome, for the United States New Naval Observa- 
tor\ T , Washington, D. C. 

The 36-inch Lick telescope, located on Mt. Hamilton, 
California, now the largest in the world, was also de- 
signed and constructed at this establishment, and they 



72 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

now have in process of construction the great Yerkes 
telescope for the University of Chicago, the object glass 
of which is 40 inches in diameter, the total weight of the 
instrument being 75 tons. 

The firm has recently been awarded a contract by the 
United States government for a meridian circle for the 
New Naval Observatory. This circle weighs over a ton, 
and the gear teeth in its circumference are cut under 
microscopic observation to a precision equaling that of 
the finest graduating machine. Other astronomical in- 
struments for colleges and private observatories are in 
process of construction, among them being two 12-inch 
equatorials, one for Dudley Observatory at Albany, N. Y., 
and the other for the American College at Beyrout, 
Syria, both of these instruments being adapted for 
visual and photographic work. 

Visitors interested in any lines of their manufacture 
are always welcome to their works. 

Cleveland Twist Drill Co. — These works were 
founded in 1874, and make a specialty of twist drills, 
which have acquired an enviable reputation. The pro- 
prietors are J. D. Cox, Jr., and Francis F. Prentiss. 
They also manufacture reamers, taps, and machinists' 
tools. 

The Standard Tool Co. has located its works on 
Central avenue, at the crossing of the C. & P. R. R. 
In addition to the usual plant, it has recently installed 
a Thompson electric welding machine, driven by 
a 250 H. P. engine and capable of welding bars 
of four square inches cross section. The company 
manufacture the increase-twist drill in all sizes, and 



74 CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

special tools, reamers, sockets, chucks, taps, milling- 
cutters, etc. The officers are : Charles W. Bingham,, 
president ; H. P. Mcintosh, treasurer ; B. C. Palmer, 
secretary and general manager. 

The Arctic Ice Machine Manufacturing Com- 
pany. — The production of ice by artificial processes 
was a laboratory experiment for many years before it 
was tried on a commercial scale. Many devices were 
tried, but it was in Cleveland forty years ago that the 
first ice machine was built and operated, embodying 
those principles which have been successful in the ice 
machine of to-day. The machine is double-acting,, 
discharging gas at both ends of the stroke. Ammonia 
is the refrigerating agent employed. The engines 
which drive the pumps are part of the machine. While 
the compression cylinders are always vertical, the en- 
gine is either vertical or horizontal, according to type 
of machine. The company builds its engines and 
machines complete. The demand for these machines 
comes from all parts of the world. They are used 
either to manufacture ice, or to reduce the temperature 
of rooms to a certain standard, as in breweries, ware- 
houses, steamships, etc. The works are located on 
West street ; the general office in the Perry-Payne 
building. Martyn Bounell, president and treasurer ; 
Frank Wilson, vice-president and general manager ; 
Peter Neff, Jr., engineer. 



SEWING MACHINES AND CABINETS. 



There are manufactured annually in Cleveland about 
150,000 sewing machines, an output greater than that of 
any other one city. 

The White Sewing Machine Co. was incorporated 
in 1876; it has a capital of $1,235,000; it employs 1,000 
operatives and turns out 100,000 machines annually. 
The factory is on Canal street, is 60 x 500 ft. and three 
stories high. There is also a screw 7 factory on Central 
avenue run by the same company. The White machine 
is in demand both in America and Europe, as well as in 
Central America and Australia. 

The Standard Sewing Machine Co. build a rotary 
shuttle machine of great excellence. The factory is 
located on Cedar avenue, at the C. & P. R. R., the large 
four-stor} T brick buildings, 175x200 ft., and adjacent 
grounds, being fully occupied. About 50,000 machines 
of various patterns and sizes are turned out annually. 

The Cabinet Works of Theodore Kundtz were 
established in 1875. The buildings, which are on West 
Centre street, cost $100,000 and are equipped Avith one 
of the largest and most complete wood-working plants 
in Ohio. About 500 hands are employed and 6,000,000 
feet of choice lumber are cut up annually into sewing 
machine cabinets. 



PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. 



The refining of petroleum is an industry which in 
Cleveland ranks next to the manufacture of iron in 
importance. 

The Standard Oh, Company was first organized in 
this city. Its immense refineries are still in operation 
here, and the business of these works as well as of 
those located at other points is largely managed by 
Cleveland officers. The crude oil is brought to the city 
by pipe lines from both east and west, and is here 
worked into every form for illuminating, lubricating 
and manufacturing purposes. The works of this com- 
pany in Cleveland alone represent an actual capital of 
$3,500,000. The Cleveland officers are: Frank Rocke- 
feller, vice-president ; L. H. Severance, treasurer, and 
F. B. Squire, secretary. 

There are ten other large refineries of oil in the city, 
baving an aggregate capital of about $2,500,000 and an 
annual product valued at $4,000,000, including the 
gasolines, naphthas, illuminating oils, paraffine and 
dark lubricating oils, paraffine wax, etc. These ten 
firms are : 

SCHOFIEIJ), SHURMER & TEAGlvE. 

CivEVEivAND Refining Company. 
National Refining Company. 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 77 

Globe Oil, Company. 

Excelsior Refining Company. 

Eagle Refining Company. 

Brooks Oil Company. 

Meriam & Morgan Paraffine Company. 

Canfield Oil, Company, and 

Case, Nutt & Company. 

The Grasselli Chemical Company. — A general 
chemical manufacturing business is carried on by five 
concerns in Cleveland, the largest of which is the Gras- 
selli Chemical Company. These works were founded 
here on account of the iron and oil industries, which 
create a large demand for chemicals. There are 
also five productive establishments, from which the 
census office makes returns under the head of drugs 
and chemicals. These ten establishments, according 
to the census, are capitalized at $1,366,368, employ 304 
hands, and produced in 1890 goods to the value of 
$944,737. Among the products in chemicals are sul- 
phuric acid, muriatic acid, nitric acid, aqua ammonia, 
refined glycerine, blue vitriol, sal-soda and sulphate of 
soda. In this industry is also included the manufacture 
of carbonic acid, oxygen and hydrogen gas, coal tar, 
cements for roofing, etc. 



ELECTRIC CARBONS. 



The National Carbon Company dates from 1886. 
From the small beginnings of hand -made work the 
business has grown to an output valued at more than 
one million dollars annually. The old works at the 
foot of Willson avenue are outgrown and a new plant 
has been constructed on West Madison avenue cover- 
ing thirty acres of ground, housed in twelve handsome 
brick buildings, and comprising a large amount of new 
and ingeniously contrived machinery specially designed 
for this business. The product includes moulded car- 
bons for high tension arc ; forced carbons adapted to 
low tension arc ; hollow treated carbons for arc lamps 
on incandescent circuits, and cored carbons of the high- 
est grade. Also carbon brushes, copper-coated carbon 
plates for batteries, carbon cups, buttons, disks, etc. 
The goods find sale in all parts of the world. The great 
bulk of the raw material from which the carbons are 
made is the refuse coke of the oil stills. The works 
employ 650 hands. The officers are W. H. Lawrence, 
president; B. F. Miles, vice pres.; C. M. Barber, general 
manager and engineer. 



STONE QUARRIES. 



The Cleveland Stone Company was incorporated 
July, 1886, and purchased the quarries of ten different 
companies which had been working in competition 
with each other. It has since absorbed several other 
quarries. It has a paid up capital of $3,250,000. The 
officers are James M. Worthington, president ; George 
H. Worthington, sec. and treas. ; Jas. Nichol, gen. supt. ; 
George A. McArthur, asst. sec, and E. A. Merritt, audit- 
or and asst. treas. The general offices are in the Wil- 
shire building, Superior street. 

The Berea quarries were first opened in 1836. For 
fifteen years thereafter the output was mainly used for 
grindstones, and this branch of the business has steadily 
increased to the present time. The product now con- 
sists of building stone, sawed and split flagging, curb- 
ing and grindstones. About 74 acres have been quar- 
ried out, while the company owns 151 acres of stone on 
which no quarrying has yet been done. Up to 1889 the 
depth usually excavated was onl} T 24 feet, when, by bor- 
ing, it was discovered that there are 63 feet of good 
merchantable stone below that depth. In the Berea 
quarries the company employs 175 men, 46 steam der- 
ricks, 46 steam hoisters, 19 boilers, 16 engines, 12 chan- 
nelling machines, 18 steam drills, 11 steam pumps, 6 
turning lathes for grindstones, and 3 saw-mills, with 



CI^EVElyAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 8 1 

6, 15 and 18 gangs of saws respectively (ten of these 
have screw feeds, the rest box-balance feeds). There is 
one 46-inch turbine wheel, one grindstone-frame factory, 
a complete electric light plant for all the mills and a 
large machine shop containing lathes, planers, shapers, 
etc. Berea is 12 miles southwest of Cleveland on the 
"Big Four" and Lake Shore railways. The company 
operates eight distinct quarries there. 

The company also operates one quarry at West View, 
one at Columbia, one at Olmsted Falls, several at Ober- 
lin (which are grouped as No. 5), several at North 
Amherst and vicinity, one at Brownhelm and one at 
Wakeman. These quarries are ranged along the line 
of the Lake Shore railroad and are all in the same geo- 
logical formation, known as the Berea grit. The com- 
pany has another quarry at Peninsula, 22 miles south 
of Cleveland, producing grindstones, and a large prop- 
erty of 600 acres at Grindstone City, on Lake Huron, State 
of Michigan. The company is largely interested in. 
quarries in Southern Ohio, in Arkansas, New Hampshire- 
and Vermont. It owns several quarries in northern 
Ohio which are not at present operated and are not de- 
scribed in this article. The company employs in all 
over 2,000 men, 142 derricks, 130 steam hoisters, 64 
boilers, 52 engines, 40 channelling machines, 55 steam 
drills, 37 steam pumps, 36 grindstone-turning lathes, 11 
saw-mills with 72 gangs of saws. All the machinery is 
modern and of high standard. 

The business has steadily increased. In 1891, the 
shipments amounted to 29,736 carloads of stone, of 
which over 2,000 carloads were of grindstones. The 
later years show still greater results. The company 



82 CI,EVEI,AND ENGINEERING WORKS. 

has permanent depots in Cleveland, Chicago, Boston 
and New York, where large stocks of grindstones are 
carried, and branch offices in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, 
Rochester and Toronto. 



INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. 



Case School of Applied Science, founded by the 
late Leonard Case, was incorporated in 1880. The main 
building was erected in 1885, the chemical laboratory 
and mechanical laboratory more recently. The phys- 
ical and electrical laboratories are in the main building. 
The grounds are on Euclid avenue, opposite Wade 
Park. The school is well equipped and is doing excel- 
lent work. The number of students is rapidly increas- 
ing and the school is already known to the world 
through some of its graduates. Case School provides 
eight regular courses of study, each one requiring four 
years for completion, viz : Civil Engineering, Mechan- 
ical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mining En- 
gineering, Physics, Chemistry, Architecture, General 
Science. Practical work in the laboratories, shops and 
field is made a prominent feature. Cady Staley, pres- 
ident. 

The WESTERN RESERVE University is an old edu- 
cational institution, comprising Adelbert College, 



CLEVELAND ENGINEERING WORKS. 83 

Cleveland Medical College, Cleveland School of L,aw, 
College of Dentistry, Conservatory of Music, and Cleve- 
land College for Women. 

THE ClvEVElvAND HOMCEOPATHIC HOSPITAL COIJyEGE 

is another large Medical School. 



HOTELS. 



The principal hotels of the city are : 

The Holuenden. — Superior and Bond streets. 
American and European plan. Fire-proof. 

The Stillman. — Euclid avenue, near Erie street. 
American plan. Fire-proof. 

The Weddeu,. — Superior and Bank streets. Amer- 
ican and European plan. 

The Kennard. — St. Clair and Bank streets. 

The Forest City House. — Superior street and 
Public Square. 

The American House.— Superior street, near Bank 
street. 



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